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Cranston Fine Arts  Aviation Art Inter War Period  Inter War Aviation Print List |
[UP] - Aircraft - Schneider Trophy - Inter War Aviation Print List |
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Show of Strength by Stan Stokes. Following The War to End All Wars military expenditures were severely curtailed, and only limited funds were available to support new military aviation projects. A number of important issues, which would influence the future of aviation, were debated in both public and private forums during this period. One related to the general importance of the role of aircraft in future military conflicts. A second was the relative importance of bombers vs. pursuit aircraft, and another issue affecting aviation was the rivalry between the Navy and the Army. One of the tactics utilized by the Armys Air Corps during this period to generate positive public support for its efforts, was the massing of large airborne armadas to impress the general populace. Many such fly overs took place during this period, and many were quite extravagant in terms of the sheer number of aircraft assembled for the displays. In Stan Stokes painting appropriately entitled A Show of Strength, one of these fly overs takes place over Boston in the mid-1930s. The aircraft featured in the scene is the Martin B-10 bomber. This aircraft, although a bit funny-looking by todays standards, was unique in many respects. Designated by its designer as the Martin Model 123, it was designed as a speculation by Martin, and a prototype was given to the Air Corps for evaluation in 1932. Called the XB-907 by the Army, the prototype could attain a top speed of 197-MPH. Later modifications included more powerful, cowling-covered, Cyclone engines, and a slightly larger wing surface. A gun turret was also added to the nose, and the top speed was enhanced to 207-MPH, an impressive figure for that time. Martin won the coveted Collier Trophy for this design, but more important to the company was the award of an initial contract for 48 production versions of the aircraft. The aircraft began to reach operational units in 1935, and additional orders for more than another 100 B-10B variants were placed. Powered by twin 775-HP 9-cylinder radials, the B-10B could carry a maximum bomb load of 2,200 pounds, had a range of 590 miles, an operational ceiling of 24,000 feet, and a maximum speed of 213-MPH. This was a good sized aircraft for the time with its 71-foot wingspan and 45-foot length. In 1936 the Government authorized the B-10 for export and more than one hundred B-10s were sold overseas, with the largest numbers going to the Netherlands Antilles, Argentina, Turkey, and China. Some of these models were modified to utilize one long green house canopy instead of the two utilized on the fuselage of the standard versions. The production life of the B-10 was cut short by the introduction of the Douglas B-18 and Boeing B-17, which were more advanced designs. Also shown in Stans painting escorting the B-10 bombers over Boston are two 1930 vintage Air Corps pursuit planes; the Boeing P-26 pea shooter monoplane, and the Curtiss P-6 Hawk biplane. |
Cloud Dancers by Ivan Berryman. Two Hawker Furies of No.1 Sqn, based at Tangmere in 1937. |
Wileys Wild Ride by Stan Stokes. The Lockheed Vega was the aircraft of choice for many of the record-setting pilots of the 1920s and 1930s. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation was organized in December of 1926. Its first plant was a delapidated building in Hollywood, California. Lockheeds two primary designers were Jack Northrop, who would later found his own company, and Gerry Vultee, who would also become a famous aircraft manufacturer on his own. The Vega was the first commercial product from the new company. Despite its streamlined appearance, the Vega utilized WW I era technology. A plywood fuselage was shaped in large concrete molds, and the wing was designed incorporating techniques pioneered by Anthony Fokker. Initially powered with a 220-HP Wright radial engine, the aircraft was designed to carry up to five people at the speed of 135-MPH. Publisher Geroge Hearst purchased the first Vega for $12,000, and entered the aircraft in an Oakland to Hawaii race. This aircraft never reached Hawaii. Despite this setback interest in the aircraft increased. George Wilkins purchased a Vega and used it to fly the polar route Point Barrow to Norway. He also utilized two Vegas for an expedition to Antarctica. Other aviators lined-up to get their hands on a Lockheed. Art Goebel and Harry Tucker set a transcontinental speed record in the Vega of less than 19 hours, becoming the first to make this trip in less than 24 hours. With the favorable publicity generated by these record setting flights, Lockheed was willing to make modifications to its aircraft to serve particular needs of the customer. Air racer Roscoe Turner flew a Gilmore sponsored Vega which had been modified into a parasol wing configuration, with an enclosed cockpit moved aft on the fuselage. One of the more famous Vegas was that owned by an oilman named F.C. Hall. The aircraft was named the Winnie Mae after Halls daughter. The man selected by Hall to pilot his Vega was Wiley Post. Post was a former Oklahoma oil field worker who lost an eye in an accident. He used the money he received for his injury to take flying lessons. In 1930 Hall sponsored Post in the National Air Races which he won. The following year Post and his navigator Harold Gatty circumnavigated the globe in 8 days - smashing the previous record held by the German dirigible Graf Zeppelin. In 1933 he accomplished a solo-circumnavigation of the globe in seven days. In 1934 and 1935 Wiley set a number of altitude records. He attained a speed of 340-MPH aided by the jet stream during a transcontinental attempt in 1935, which unfortunately ended with a crash landing and the destruction of the Winnie Mae. Later in 1935 Wiley Post was killed with his friend and well-known comedian Will Rogers in the crash of a floatplane in Alaska. Both Wiley and the Winnie Mae, however, merit an honored place in American aviation history. |
Patrule De Noche by David Pentland. Soviet Ace Stefanov claims two Italian SM81 Bombers during a night interception over Barcelona, Spanish Civil War 1937. |
Rhapsody in Blue by Gerald Coulson The 70th Anniversary of the Spitfire 1936-2006. Geralds majestic study of Spitfire prototype K5054, resplendent in its new all-blue paint scheme, is seen banking high above the clouds during an early test flight in March 1936. As the little fighter lifted off Eastleigh airfield into the early spring sunshine, Summers knew immediately that Supermarine had created a thoroughbred. Powered by a 900hp Rolls Royce Merlin engine, the prototype at once displayed superb handling qualities and performance, achieving almost 350mph in level flight. Thus was born the Spitfire, the most famous British aircraft of all time. The Spitfire was to become the most important single type Allied aircraft of World War Two, was built in greater numbers than any other Allied fighter, and remianed in production throughout the war. Its superb design allowed the airframe to be continually developed and by the end of the war, now with twice the engine power, Mitchells little fighter had won its place in history. Adored by its pilots, in experienced hands the Spitfire was invincible in close air-to-air combat. |
1934 American Classics by Stan Stokes. Stan Stokes, in his painting, 1934 American Classics, beautifully portrays a Hollywood movie star and her pet dog embarking on a chartered Ford Trimotor from the Grand Central Air Terminal (owned and operated by Curtis-Wright) in California. Probably bound for a weekend visit to San Simeon, the palatial retreat of the publishing magnate, William Randolph Hearst, the trip to San Luis Obispo will take only ninety minutes. The early afternoon rains have left puddles on the tarmac, but fair skies have returned to the San Gabriel mountains, and the trip should be a smooth one. During the Great Depression the Packard Company introduced some of its most stunning and high performance automobiles. The 1934 Packard LeBaron Speedster, pictured in the painting, was one such machine. Costing nearly $8,000 the Packard LeBaron Speedster was about two to three times the price of a nice three bedroom house. Only the very wealthy could afford such luxuries during the Depression. Note that the Speedsters fenders are reminiscent of the wheel covers on racing planes during the era of the Thompson Trophy Air Races. The Speedster was powered by a 160 HP V-12 engine which displaced 445 cubic inches. Around this time it is believed that among the Hollywood notables that owned Packard Speedsters were both Clark Gable and Douglas Fairbanks. The Ford Trimotor was introduced in 1926 and between 1926 and 1933 Ford produced approximately 200 of these capable aircraft. Ford Trimotors remained in service long after they were made technically obsolete by more modern aircraft, and it is reputed that one aircraft built in 1928 was still in regular service as late as 1970. Admiral Byrd utilized a 4-AT version of the Trimotor for his 1929 Antarctic expedition. The Ford Trimotor played an important role in introducing commercial aviation to the general public during the years of the Great Depression. The basic model carried eleven passengers and a crew of two, had a cruising speed of 107 MPH, an operational ceiling of 16,500 feet, and a range of 570 miles. Due to its corrugated metal exterior skin the Trimotor was affectionately known as the Tin Goose. The Tin Goose had a wingspan of nearly 78 feet, and was fifty feet in length. In 1930 Transcontinental and Western Air (TWA) began the first coast-to-coast commercial service utilizing Ford Trimotors. The trip took only thirty-six hours, if the weather was cooperative. |
Hong Kong Clipper by Stan Stokes. The Glen L. Martin Company had a long history as a designer and manufacturer of successful flying boats. The company had developed several different flying boats for the Navy, including the PM the P3M and the XP2M. However, when the company began considering the development of a large commercial flying boat for Pan Am, there was considerable internal controversy. The Great Depression was underway and many aircraft manufacturers were going bankrupt. Glenn Martin insisted that the company proceed, and lie was highly motivated to show the world that his organization could design and produce the finest flying boat ever built. The end product of their efforts was the M-130. Credit for its design is shared with Martins Chief Engineer (L.C. Milburn), the Project Engineer (L.D. McCarthy), test pilot (WX. Ebel), and Pail Ams Chief Engineer (Andre Priester.) The first of the three MA 3 Os was the China Clipper. It made its maiden flight on December 30, 1934. The M- 130 had a wingspan of 130 feet, a gross weight of 5 1,000 pounds, and was initially powered by four Twin Wasp radials generating 830-HP each. (In 1938 more powerful engines and automatically adjustable pitch props were refitted onto all three M-130s.) The M-130 had a capacity of 32 passengers, and were equipped with 18 sleeping births. They were flown by a crew of eight professionals. The practical range of the aircraft with a normal load was about 3000-miles, which at a typical cruising speed of 130-MPH implied an endurance of almost 24 hours in the air. One unique design feature of the M-130 was the use of sponsons, or water wings, which actually helped the aircraft lift off from the water. The three M-130s were christened the China, Hawaii and Philippine Clippers by Pan Am. The China Clipper was accepted by Pan Am in October of 1935. In November this aircraft flew from Alameda, California to Manila in the Philippines; completing the 8,200 mile journey with a total flight time of 59 hours and 48 minutes. It arrived in Manila only two minutes behind its scheduled arrival time. The Philippine Clipper entered service next and was used for survey flights to map the Manila to Hong Kong route. The Hawaii Clipper entered service in October of 1936. This aircraft, unfortunately was lost during a flight in 1938 from Guarn to Manila, and its fate is unknown. The Philippine Clipper was lost in 1943 on a flight from Hawaii to San Francisco. Lost in bad weather the plane hit a mountain northwest of the city. The China Clipper was utilized by the US Navy during the War, and was returned to Pan AM in late 1943. For the next year it flew the route from Miami to Africa. On the night of January 18, 1945 the China Clipper crashed while attempting a landing in Trinidad. At the time of this tragedy the aircraft had successfully flown more than three million miles. In Stan Stokes painting the China Clipper takes off from Hong Kongs busy harbor in the late 1930s. The China Clipper may be the best known and most-loved commercial aircraft in history. It signalled the beginning of long distance commercial airline service, which by revolutionizing international passenger travel and mail delivery, made the Earth a rnuch smaller place for all of its inhabitants. |
America's First Flat Top by Stan Stokes. Although the US Navy had been an early leader in supporting naval aviation, during WWI the Navy had emphasized float planes, and with the end of the War, America found itself well behind the British who had several aircraft carriers in service. In April of 1919 the Navy decided to convert a new collier, the USS Jupiter, into a flush deck aircraft carrier, the navy's first. Redesignated as the USS Langley (CV-1), the ship was commissioned in March of 1922. The Langley was the Navy's only carrier until 1928, and would serve in this role until 1936. With the introduction of faster and larger naval aircraft, the Langley's small size and slow speed would result in a decision to change her mission to seaplane tender. The Langley displaced only 13,000 tons, had an open hangar deck, and no island. The ships two stacks were swiveled outwards during air operations, giving pilots a small but unobstructed flight deck. Two catapults were incorporated in the initial design, but were later removed. CV-1 had a turbo electric drive system which allowed the ship a top speed of 14 knots in either direction. This was deemed important so aircraft could be launched in either direction in the event the deck became damaged. The designers initially planned for the Langley to have an air group of only eight aircraft, but this was later increased to as many as forty-two. Most of the Langley's aircraft were stowed on the flight deck, with the practice of stowing aircraft on the hangar deck not becoming common until later. In 1942 CV-1 was utilized to ferry P-40s to Java. She was lost during this mission. The Boeing FB-5 of VB-3 shown in the background in Stan Stokes' wonderful painting was one of the naval variants of Boeings PW-9 series. Boeing built a total of nearly 600 aircraft in this family, making it one of the most widely produced aircraft in the between Wars era. The FB-1 was the first aircraft in this series ordered by the Navy in 1924. The FB-2/3/4 variants included modifications for carrier use and a more powerful 510-HP Packard-IA engine. With the additional power, a taller rudder assembly was deemed necessary to provide adequate flight stability. The Navy ordered twenty-seven FB-5s and began taking deliveries in 1927. The upper wing of the FB-5 variant was moved forward while the lower wing was moved backwards. In addition a slightly more powerful Packard engine was utilized. As the FB-5 takes off from the Langley, a Curtis F6C-2 Hawk passes over the ship. The F6C-2 was a variant of the F6C-1 Hawk which was modified to withstand arrested landings. While only four of these models would be produced, the Navy would go on to purchase sixty of the F6C-3 and F6C-4 variants. |
Two Harts (Hawker Harts) by Ivan Berryman. No text for this item |
Schneider Trophy Race, 1931 by Ivan Berryman. Flt Lt John Boothman completes a victory run over the packed pier at Ryde, Isle of Wight as he wins the Schneider Trophy in Supermarine S6B, S1595 at a speed of 340mph. Later the same day, its sister aircraft S1596 broke the world air speed record at 379 mph, flown by Flt. Lt Stainforth. |
Imperials Flying Bananas by Stan Stokes. The Handley Page H.P. 42 biplane airliner had a reputation unmatched in its day for reliability, safety, and passenger comfort. Imperial Airways, the British flag carrier during the between war period, was one of aviations pioneers when it came to establishing long range commercial air services. With the British Empire spanning the globe, effective long distance air service was important in linking both former and current colonies. In 1928 Imperial solicited proposals for a long distance airplane capable of flying the London to India air mail route. Handley Page won the bid for a total of eight new airliners. The large bi-plane design which was agreed upon had four radial engines, with two mounted on the upper wing and two on the lower wings on each side of the fuselage. With its triple finned tail assembly, this huge biplane was quite something to see. Despite its antiquated appearance the H.P. 42 had a very impressive passenger compartment which was quite luxurious. Inlaid wood paneling, twin lavatories, a full galley, comfortable seating, passenger ventilation controls, and wide windows gave the H.P. 42 ambiance comparable to some of the ocean liners of the day. The slight kink in the aircrafts fuselage gave rise to its flying banana nickname. Four aircraft were built for Imperials eastern route structure, which included the India and South Africa routes. These aircraft were powered by 9-cylinder 550-HP Bristol radials. The other four aircraft were utilized for the London-Paris shuttle and other continental routes, and were powered by a different engine, and contained a total of 38 passenger seats instead of the 24 passenger configuration for the longer routes. The H.P. 42 had a corrugated metal skin similar to both the Ford and Junkers Tri-motor designs of that era. With a cruising speed of only about 100-MPH the passenger amenities on these aircraft were greatly appreciated, especially if a stiff headwind was encountered. The aircraft, with its large wing area, had an incredibly short take off capability, and could become airborne in only 600 feet. As depicted in Stan Stokes painting Hannibal passes over the Pyramids in Egypt on its approach into Cairo, one of the stop over points on the London to India route. This journey would take more than six days, with no flying at night. Occasionally these aircraft would make stops at unattended desert fuel depots in order to refuel. These aircraft were in service for about eight years, with most of them attaining more than one million flight miles. The eight aircraft in the fleet, Hengist, Helena, Horatius, Hannibal, Heracles, Horsa, Hanno, and Hadrian chalked up more than 100,000 flight hours covering more than 10 million miles. Only one aircraft was lost in a fatal accident, as Hannibal disappeared over the Indian Ocean while being ferried back to England. |
Happy Days by Gerald Coulson. Few pilots can resist the temptation for low flying should the opportunity present itself. Out of sight of the spoil-sport eyes of the authority, the rules will be broken, the artist would indulge in this chancy but undeniable thrill. A great sensation from any cockpit but for the artist nothing can compare with the effect from behind a pair of goggles to the accompaniment of humming wires around the cockpit of a Tiger Moth. |
Early Morning Briefing by Barry Rowe. Depicting a Pitcairn mailwing |
Out For a Spin by John Young. Gipsy Moth G-ABWL owned by Brooklands Flying Club during the 1930s. The Gipsy Moth is shown just after take-off from Shoreham. |
Hindenburg at Baltimore by Ivan Berryman. (PC) Late in the afternoon of Saturday, 8th August 1936, the giant German airship Hindenburg appeared in the sky above Baltimore. Unable to land at nearby Lakehurst due to unfavourable weather conditions, her Captain Ernst A Lehmann made the decision to take his passengers on a sight-seeing tour until the weather conditions improved, taking the great ship over Atlantic City and Washington before heading north to the city of Baltimore where she circled twice at an altitude of just 1,000ft. After 15 minutes, the Hindenburg slid away to Philadelphia, finally landing at Lakehurst at 18.05 after a 5,060 mile flight from Germany which she achieved in 67 hours and 31 minutes. |
Flying Postmen by Stan Stokes. The inauguration of air mail service in the United States in 1918 would prove to be a very significant development in the evolution of the aviation industry. Spearheaded by Assistant Postmaster General Otto Praeger, Congress approved funding for a limited service between New York, Philadelphia, and Washington. The inaugural flights took place in May of 1918 utilizing US Army pilots and Curtiss JN-4H aircraft. Although initial public demand for air mail service was negligible, the Post Office demanded a damn-the-weather attitude from its pilots. This resulted in the Army withdrawing from this arrangement out of the fear of losing pilots and equipment. Not to be deterred, the Post Office ordered six new Standard bi-planes, and recruited its own pilots. Max Miller signed on as the Air Mail Services first civilian pilot, and flew his Standard from College Park Maryland on August 12, 1918, which was the first air mail flight utilizing civilian aircraft and pilots. The Standard which was designed as an Army trainer had developed a bad reputation for its Hall-Scott engine catching fire, and had been grounded by the Army. Re-fitted with the 150-HP Hispano Suiza engine, the Standard was faster than the Curtiss Jennies and had a much greater range. As the air mail service expanded westwards, the Allegheny Mountains presented a formidable obstacle for these fragile aircraft and their pilots, which had to navigate by following railroad tracks or other landmarks, often in terrible weather. Referred to as the Hell Stretch the mountains claimed many lives in what came to be termed the Suicide Club. E. Hamilton Lee was one of the early heroes of the Air Mail Service, pioneering routes between Chicago and Minneapolis and Chicago and St. Louis. Lee logged more than 4 million miles prior to his retirement in 1949. In the mid-1920s the Post Office had inaugurated night flying utilizing a unique series of beacons along its routes. The de Havilland D.H. 4 (depicted in Stan Stokes painting) became one of the mainstays of the Post Offices fleet, and constant modifications were made to these aircraft including experiments with air-to-ground radios, and ingenious navigational aids and flight instruments. In the 1920s the Post Office opened up many of its routes to private carriers, which assisted many early commercial airlines in getting started in business. In the late 1920s many new aircraft debuted as mail carriers including the Stearman C-3MB, the Pitcairn PA-5, and the Boeing 40B. The Northrup Alpha, a unique all-metal, cantilever-wing design was used to pioneer coast-to-coast routes in the early 1930s. One lasting byproduct of this era are the numerous air-mail stamps and first day covers which flew the world, and are now prized by both aviation buffs and stamp collectors alike. |
Into History - Spitfire Prototype by Ivan Berryman. Supermarine Spitfire prototype K5054 is seen taking to the air for a test flight in June 1936 from Eastleigh Airport in Southampton. Few, at the time, could have known what an iconic aircraft R J Mitchell had designed, yet the beautiful, classic lines were there to see in the very first example. |
Croydon Departure by Gerald Coulson. During the early 1930s, Imperial Airways of London introduced to its European and Eastern routes the HP42, an enormous four-engined Handley Page biplane carrying up to 38 passengers at a sedate 100mph. For the first time air travellers could enjoy Pullman comfort, the wicker-work chairs finally being dispensed with. Eight of these outstanding aircraft were built and operated from 1931 to the start of the Second World War. The European services were flown by the four known as the Heracles class with fleet names Horatius, Hengist and Helena. The Hannibal class with Horsa, Hanno and Hadrian serviced the Empire routes. They accumulated over 10 million miles of peacetime operations wthout harm to a single passenger or crew member. Safety became their byword. Depicted here is Horatius, bound for Paris from Croydon. What a sight to behold, truly a galleon of the clouds. |
Supermarine S6.B - Schneider Trophy by Ivan Berryman. The Supermarine S6.B, the forerunner to the Spitfire which would become so famous during World War Two, won the Schneider Trophy outright in 1931. |
Handley Page H.P. 42 G-AAXC Heracles of Imperial Airways at Croydon by Keith Woodcock. No text for this item |
Brazilian Clipper by Stan Stokes. Although commercial aviation progressed in Europe during the 1920s, it remained dormant in America during most of the decade. In the late 1920s two Americans, Juan T. Trippe and Ralph A. ONeill came upon the scene and both were obsessed with the idea of building a dominant American overseas airline. Trippe was born into a prominent family and had attended Yale University. Trippe formed Eastern Air Transport with some of his Yale flying club buddies, and later merged a company into Pan American Airways, a small regional carrier in the Caribbean. Trippe utilized Fokker trimotors in the early days, but as his airline expanded, flying boats became the preferred aircraft because of the fact that they did not require runways and airports. There were few useable airfields in the early days of commercial aviation, but there were plenty of rivers and harbors. Pan Am purchased an S-36 flying boat from Sikorsky Aircraft in 1927. Sikorskys next flying boat was the S-38. It was very successful and saved Sikorsky Aircraft from bankruptcy following the market crash in 1929. The S-40 was the first of the great Pan Am Clippers. Weighing more than 17 tons it was a bit larger than the S-38 and somewhat less ungainly. In flight the S-40 was something to behold. Although the S-40 was successfully deployed on Pan Ams South American routes, it was not capable of making long haul flights necessary to cross the Atlantic or Pacific. The S-42 was Sikorskys response to Pan Ams needs. The first S-42 was built in 1933, and it first flew in March of 1934. The S-42 had a full-length hull unlike the cut off hulls of the prior Sikorsky models. It was powered by four 700-HP radials and utilized the new Hamilton Standard variable pitch props. The aluminum skin of the S-42 was flush riveted to reduce drag. The S-42 was a true seaplane and its fuselage was broken up into nine watertight compartments. It set several world records for weight-to-altitude records with Charles Lindbergh at the controls for several of the record-setting flights. A total of ten S-42s would be produced, and Pan American Airways purchased all of them. They were 69-feet in length with a wingspan of 118 feet. The total wing area was 1340 square feet and the aircraft had a gross weight capacity of 42,000 pounds. Powered by four Pratt & Whitney Hornet Radials generating 750-HP each the S-42 could attain a top speed of 190-MPH in level flight. It had a service ceiling of 16,000 feet. A typical cruising altitude and speed would be more like 140-150-MPH at 5,000-feet. An S-42 was used for survey flights for Pan Ams Pacific routes. The S-42s cut almost 50% off the total travel time for Pan Ams South American long distance routes because the aircraft required fewer stops with its range of 1,120 miles. As depicted in Stan Stokes painting an S-42 makes its inaugural scheduled flight to Brazil in August 1934. The aircraft would be christened the Brazilian Clipper during its visit to Rio by Senora Getulio Vargas, wife of the Brazilian President. |
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